Теоретико-методологические подходы к исследованию развития психики

The article presents data regarding theoretical analysis of implementation of the two major approaches to the term «individuality», which were adopted by Soviet and post-Soviet ideology. The author developed level-based structure of the theoretical model - «Personoriented concept of happiness», which allows to incorporate both versions, where the first version is hierarchically subordinate to the second version.

The purpose of the present research is do detect ontological characteristics of «acme» phenomenon, determine its limits, suggest particular limitations into the object of research, point out aspects interesting in a scientific way and significant in terms of further development of social technologies. The purpose is to suggest changing metaphors and unclear terms to the more clear terms from thesaurus of modern psychology allowing to make measurements.

The article describes theoretical inconsistencies in defining the psychological mechanisms of intuition. The research points out the approach that regards intuition as a complex functioning, and the other cognitive process considering intuition as the means to obtain «direct knowledge», which is beyond the rationally explicable availability of information. The authors outline the difficulties professionals of different areas face in the course of studying intuitional phenomena (psychologists, psycho-physiologists).

The author presents theoretical views and experimental results, which question M. Seligman's statement concerning the necessity of a person's attachment to something outer and bigger than herself in order to achieve meaning in life. In the frame of the author's theoretic conception, meaning is achieved with the help of realization of something inner, smaller and higher, not bigger and outer. Numerous positive correlations between the «meaning» and the «egoism» constructs are much stronger than between meaning and altruism.

The article presents the theoretical and methodological rationale for the empirical study of socio-psychological well-being of children living in the city. Macro- and micro-social factors of the megapolisare considered. Among them are: the objective living conditions (the district, type of housing, dwelling comfort level and so on), social and socio-psychological characteristics of the family and parents (the economic status of the family, the families residence term in the metropolis and so on).

Dedicated ambiguous aspects of the relationship between the individual (in situations of success, occupational referred to as «Acme») and the environment, relationships, avoiding discussion of sequential study in publications typical of acmeology. Considered important for understanding the phenomenon of «Acme» his «measurements» (temporary, ethical, methodological).

The article describes the results of theoretical analysis of crisis through the acmeological approach. The integration of different views on a crisis by philosophers, historians, sociologists and psychologists allowed us to define the features of crisis in individual life and social development. There were shown: 1) the difference between crisis, acme, katabole and catharsis; 2) the foundation of ideal as central concept of this problem; 3) the classification of crisis overcoming stages.

The article presents an acmeological approach to research the pro­cess of tolerant mentality formation of University students. Based on the comparison criteria of an acmeological maturity of personality and a formation of tolerant personality it concludes a meaningful proximity of these characteristics. According to the analysis of the research the leading role of confidence in a social world as the basis of tolerant mentality formation of personality and one of the basic conditions de­fining level of acmeological maturity of personality is defined.

The article touches upon the man’s attitude to activities as an ag­gregate of structural content «internal conditions» of an attitude to activities. It was shown that the motivation and self-esteem was domi­nant components of «internal conditions». The structural and content organisation of character qualities and personality traits depends on internal contents of the motivation and self-esteem.

The study analyses three realities in which human lives: empirical, socio-cultural, and existential. The research shows that human exists in different realities and understand them with different psychological grounding. Common meaning for all the people, not individual per­sonal meaning, acts as a psychological basis for understanding of judgments about the facts of empirical reality. In this case under­standing is based on commonly known authentic knowledge which M. Foucault called «cognitive», not converting the subject under­standing the world.