Educational Acmeology. Developmental Psychology

Izvestiya of Saratov University.

ISSN 2304-9790 (Print)
ISSN 2541-9013 (Online)

For citation:

Emelyanova T. P., Vikentieva E. N. Retirement preparation as a process: Stages and factors. Izvestiya of Saratov University. Educational Acmeology. Developmental Psychology, 2024, vol. 13, iss. 3, pp. 225-238. DOI: 10.18500/2304-9790-2024-13-3-225-238, EDN: KMVYTO

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0).
Full text:
download
(downloads: 19)
Language: 
Russian
Heading: 
Psychology of Social Development
Article type: 
Article
UDC: 
159.9.072.43
DOI: 
10.18500/2304-9790-2024-13-3-225-238
EDN: 
KMVYTO

Retirement preparation as a process: Stages and factors

Autors: 
Emelyanova Tatiana P., Institute of Psychology RAS
Vikentieva Eva Nikolaevna,
Abstract: 

The study is relevant due to the complex nature of the retirement experience, which requires mental recovery and future planning. The aim of the study is to explore characteristics of pre-retirement individuals based on their stage in the retirement planning process. Hypothesis: Proactive coping strategies and long-term personality orientation are linked to the retirement planning process. Social and demographic factors (level of education, presence of dependents in the family) are signifi cant in planning the retirement transition. Participants: 202 respondents aged 43-63 years (male = 49%; female = 51%), working and living in diff erent regions of the Russian Federation. Methods (tools): an abridged version of the Stanford “Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory” (F. Zimbardo adapted by T. A. Nestik) was used to study individual diff erences in time perspective; the Proactive Copying Inventory (E. Greenglass adapted by E. P. Belinskaya, A. V. Vecherin, E. R. Agadullina) was used to study proactive coping strategies; The Process of Retirement Planning Scale (Jack H. Noone, Christine Stephens, Fiona M. Alpass) was used to assess the retirement planning process. Findings. The research demonstrated signifi cant diff erences in the manifestation of proactive coping strategies at the stages “Ideas about Retirement” and “Preparation for Retirement”. Future orientation was markedly lower at the stages of “Ideas about Retirement” and “Decision to Start the Preparation”. The time perspective of the respondents who were at the stage of “Decision to Start the Preparation” diff ered signifi cantly from other groups in their fatalism in the perception of the present. The desired age of retirement signifi cantly exceeded the age of the planned retirement. The research revealed the signifi cance of social and demographic characteristics for retirement planning. The main conclusions. The stage “Decision to Start the Preparation” is characterized by the fatalism of the respondents in the perception of the present. Proactive coping strategies manifest themselves at the stages of “Ideas about Retirement” and “Preparing for Retirement”. Such social and demographic factors as presence of dependents in the family and the education level of a pre-pensioner are crucial for retirement planning. Practical application. The results of the study can be utilized in counseling pre-pensioners.

Key words: 
pre-pensioners
retirement preparation
temporary preparatory model
proactive coping strategies
time perspective
Reference: 
  1. Szinovacz M. E. Contexts and pathways: Retirement as institution, process, and experience // Reasons, Processes, and Results / eds. G. A. Adams, T. A Beehr. New York : Springer, 2003. P. 6–52.
  2. Post C., Schneer J. A., Reitman F., Ogilvie D. Pathways to retirement: A career stage analysis of retirement age expectations // Human Relations. 2013. Vol. 66, iss. 1. Р. 87–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726712465657 
  3. Wang M., Shi J. Psychological Research on Retirement // Annual Review of Psychology. 2014. Vol. 65, iss. 1. Р. 209–233 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurevpsych-010213-115131
  4. Zhan Y., Froidevaux A., Li Y., Wang M., Shi J. Preretirement resources and postretirement life satisfaction change trajectory: Examining the mediating role of retiree experience during retirement transition phase // Journal of Applied Psychology. 2023. Vol. 108, iss. 5. Р. 871–888. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0001043
  5. Dendinger V. M., Adams G. A., Jacobson J. D. Reasons for working and their relationship to retirement attitudes, job satisfaction and occupational self-efficacy of bridge employees // The International Journal of Aging and Human Development. 2005. Vol. 61, iss. 1. Р. 21–35. https://doi.org/10.2190/K8KU-46LHDTW5-44TU
  6. Wang M., Henkens K., van Solinge H. Retirement adjustment: A review of theoretical and empirical advancements // American Psychologist. 2011. Vol. 66, iss. 3. Р. 204–213. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022414
  7. Blekesaune M., Skirbekk V. Can personality predict retirement behaviour? A longitudinal analysis combining survey and register data from Norway // European Journal of Ageing. 2012. Vol. 9, iss. 3. Р. 199–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-011-0212-62012-6
  8. Hershey D. A., Henkens K., van Dalen H. P. Mapping the minds of retirement planners // Journal of CrossCultural Psychology. 2007. Vol. 38, iss. 3. Р. 361–82. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.907281
  9. Feldman D. C., Beehr T. A. A three-phase model of retirement decision making // American Psychologist. 2011. Vol. 66, iss. 3. Р. 193–203. https://doi.org/10.1037/ a0022153
  10. Noone J., Earl J., Stephens Ch., Rafalski J., Allen J., Alpass F., Topa G. An Application of the ResourceBased Dynamic Process Model in the Context of Retirement Planning // Work, Aging and Retirement. 2022. Vol. 8, iss. 3. P. 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/wab006
  11. 11. Reis M., Pushkar D. Retirement, Personality, and Life Satisfaction: A Review and Two Models // Journal of Applied Gerontology. 1993. Vol. 12, iss. 2. Р. 261–282. https://doi.org/10.1177/073346489301200209
  12. Forster P., Morris M. Successful transition to retirement in Australia // Social Sciences Directory. 2012. Vol. 1, № 1. Р. 4–12. https://doi.org/10.7563/SSD_01_01_01
  13. Tsotsoros C. E., Hershey D. A., Kiso H., Koposko J. L. Racial differences in anticipated satisfaction with life during retirement // Work, Aging and Retirement. 2019. Vol. 5, № 3. P. 236–254. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/ waz002
  14. van Solinge H., Damman M., Hershey D. A. Adaptation or Exploration? Understanding Older Workers’ Plans for Post-Retirement Paid and Volunteer Work Work // Aging and Retirement. 2021. Vol. 7, iss. 2. P. 129–142. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/waaa027
  15. Ang A., Chen C., Kalyani M. Retirement experience, retirement satisfaction and life satisfaction of baby boomers // Journal of Applied Psychology. 2022. Vol. 27, iss. 3. P. 177–190. https://doi.org/10.1108/ WWOP-03-2022-0014
  16. Prakash K. C., Virtanen M., Törmälehto S., Myllyntausta S., Pentti J., Vahtera J., Stenholm S. Changes in life satisfaction during the transition to retirement: Findings from the FIREA cohort study // European Journal of Agеing. 2022. Vol. 19, iss. 4. Р. 1587–1599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-022-00745-8
  17. Kiso H., Rudderow A. L., Wong J. D. Financial and Parental Stress as Predictors of Retirement Worry // Journal of Financial Therapy. 2019. Vol. 10, iss. 1. Р. 30–44. https://doi.org/10.4148/1944-9771.1165
  18. Ugwu L. E., Enwereuzoret I. K., Nwankwo B. E., Ugwueze S., Ogba F. N., Nnadozie E. E., Elom C. O., Ezeal A., Arinze M. Proactive personality and social support with pre-retirement anxiety: Mediating role of subjective career success // Frontiers in Psychology. July 2, 2021. Vol. 12. Article number 569065. 15 p. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.569065
  19. Ogunsemi J., Akinnawo E. O., Akinbobola O. I., Olajire O. O., Olusa A. O., Okunola J. L. Personality traits and retirement anxiety among university’s staff in Niger ia // Journal of Education and Health Promotion. 2023. Vol. 12, iss. 1. Р. 96–106. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp. jehp_1034_22
  20. Hansson I., Buratti S., Thorvaldsson V., Johansson B., Berg A. I. Disentangling the mechanisms of retirement adjustment: Determinants and consequences of subjective well-being // Work, Aging and Retirement. 2020. Vol. 6, iss. 2. Р. 71–87. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/waz021
  21. Hansson I., Buratti S., Johansson B., Berg A. I. Beyond health and economy: Resource interactions in retirement adjustment // Aging & Mental Health. 2019. Vol. 23, iss. 11. P. 1546–1554. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360786 3.2018.1506745
  22. Shultz K. S., Wang M. Psychological perspectives on the changing nature of retirement // American Psychologist. 2011. Vol. 66, iss. 3. Р. 170–179. https://doi.org/10.1037/ a0022411
  23. Shultz K. S. Bridge employment: Work after retirement // Reasons, Processes, and Results / eds. G. A. Adams, T. A Beehr. New York : Springer, 2003. P. 214 –241.
  24. Wang M. Profi ling retirees in the retirement transition and adjustment process: Examining the longitudinal change patterns of retirees’ psychological well-being // Journal of Applied Psychology. 2007. Vol. 92, iss. 2. Р. 455–474. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.455
  25. Muratore A. M., Earl J. K. Improving retirement outcomes: The role of resources, preretirement planning and transition characteristics // Ageing and Society. 2015. Vol. 35, iss. 10. Р. 2100–2140. https://doi. org/10.1017/S0144686X14000841
  26. Bai X., Liu Ch., Song Ya., Sörensen S. Adaptation and validation of the preparation for future care needs scale for chinese older adults in Hong Kong // The Gerontologist. 2022. Vol. 62, iss. 7. Р. 357–368. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnab089
  27. Hershey D. A., Mowen J. C. Psychological determinants of fi nancial preparedness for retirement // The Gerontologist. 2000. Vol. 40, iss. 6. Р. 687–697. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/40.6.687
  28. Емельянова Т. П., Викентьева Е. Н. Переживание будущего: жизненные перспективы людей предпенсионного возраста // Социальная психология и общество. 2023. Т. 14, № 2. C. 116–133. https://doi.org/10.17759/sps.2023140208, EDN: PHDBLI
  29. Noone J. H., Stephens C., Alpass F. The Process of retirement planning scale (PRePS): Development and validation // Psychological Assessment. 2010. Vol. 22, iss. 3. Р. 520–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019512
  30. Rafalski J., Noone J., O’Loughlin K., Andrade A. Assessing the Process of Retirement: Cross-Cultural Review of Available Measures // Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology. 2017. Vol. 32, iss. 3. P. 255–279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10823-017-9316-6J
  31. Нестик Т. А. Социально-психологические предпосылки и типы долгосрочной ориентации: результаты эмпирического исследования // Психологический журнал. 2021. Т. 42, № 4. С. 28–39. https://doi.org/10.31857/S020595920016008-4, EDN: KZPPZF
  32. Белинская Е. П., Вечерин А. В., Агадуллина Е. Р. Опросник проактивного копинга: адаптация на неклинической выборке и прогностические возможности // Клиническая и специальная психология. 2018. Т. 7, № 3. C. 192–211. https://doi.org/ 10.17759/ psyclin.2018070312, EDN: VKMVIH
  33. Scholnick E. K., Friedman S. L. The planning construct in the psychological literature // Developmental Psychology of Planning: Why, How, and When Do We Plan? / eds. S. L. Friedman, E. K. Scholnick. Mahwah, New Jersey ; London : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 1997. P. 3–14.
Received: 
18.04.2024
Accepted: 
17.06.2024
Published: 
30.09.2024
Short text (in English):
download
(downloads: 12)